She of Chiaravalle introduced “cosmic education” to describe an approach for children that emphasized the interdependence of all the elements of the natural world; she encouraged children’s spontaneous activity with plants and animals in their natural environments – preferably in the open air; e dio non era assente.

But meanwhile in the 30 – plus one, mark you! – degrees of the Baltic version, structures and policy prevented the migration from the upper, too-sunlit rooms to the cooling shade of the chestnut trees in the yard below; schulfrei was the cry.